SolvableRepresentation - Maple Help
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LieAlgebras[SolvableRepresentation] - given a representation of a solvable algebra, find a basis for the representation space in which the representation matrices are upper triangular matrices

Calling Sequences

     SolvableRepresentation( , options)

     SolvableRepresentation(Alg, options)

    

Parameters

            - a representation of a solvable Lie algebra  on a vector space

     alg     - a string or name, the name of a initialized solvable Lie algebra

     options     -  the keyword argument output = O, where O is a list  with members  "NewBasis", ChangeOfBasisMatrix", "TransformedMatrices",  "Partition"; the keyword argument fieldextension = I

 

Description

Examples

Description

• 

Let be a representation of a solvable Lie algebra  on a vector space . A corollary of Lie's fundamental theorem for solvable Lie algebras (see RepresentationEigenvector) implies that there always exists a basis (possibly complex) for such that the matrix representation of is upper triangular for all .

• 

The program SolvableRepresentation(rho) uses the program RepresentationEigenvector to construction such a basis. In the case when the RepresentationEigenvector program returns a complex eigenvector (with associated complex eigenvalue ), the matrix representation will not be upper triangular but will contain the matrix  on the diagonal (similar to the real Jordan form of a matrix).

• 

For the second calling sequence, the program SolvableRepresentation is applied to the adjoint representation of the algebra Alg.

• 

The output is a 4-element sequence. The 1st element is a new basis  for in which the representation is upper triangular, the 2nd element is the change of basis matrix, the 3rd element is the representation in the new basis. The 4th element  gives the partition defining the size of the diagonal block matrices. If , then the subspaces   are invariant subspaces. If, for example,  then all the eigenvectors calculated by RepresentationEigenvector are real. If C = then the vectors and  are the real and imaginary parts of a complex eigenvector. The precise form of the output can be specified by the user with the keyword argument output = O, where O is a list with members "NewBasis", ChangeOfBasisMatrix", "TransformedMatrices", "Partition".

• 

With the option fieldextension = I, a complex basis will be returned (if needed) which puts the representation into upper triangular form.

Examples

 

Example 1.

We define a 5-dimensional representation of a 3-dimensional solvable Lie algebra.

(2.1)

alg1 > 

V1 > 

V1 > 

 

We find a new basis for the representation space in which the matrices are all upper triangular.

alg1 > 

 

To verify this result we use the ChangeRepresentationBasis command to change basis in the representation space.

V1 > 

 

Example 2.

We define a 6-dimensional representation of a 3-dimensional solvable Lie algebra.

alg1 > 

(2.2)
alg1 > 

Alg2 > 

V2 > 

V2 > 

 

In this example some of the eigenvectors found by the RepresentationEigenvector program are complex and it is not possible to find a real basis in which the representation is upper triangular.

Alg2 > 

(2.3)
Alg2 > 

V2 > 

 

To obtain an upper triangular representation with respect to a complex basis, use the optional argument fieldextension = I.

Alg2 > 

(2.4)
V2 > 

 

Example 3.

If the name of an algebra is passed to the program SolvableRepresentation, then the assumed representation is the adjoint representation of the algebra (or current frame).

Alg2 > 

(2.5)
V2 > 

 

The adjoint representation of this algebra is not upper triangular.

Alg3 > 

Alg3 > 

(2.6)
Alg3 > 

(2.7)
Alg3 > 

 

Now in this new basis the adjoint representation is upper triangular.

Alg4 > 

 

Example 4.

An example with complex eigenvalues.

Alg4 > 

(2.8)
Alg4 > 

Alg5 > 

(2.9)
Alg5 > 

(2.10)

 

In this new basis the adjoint representation is upper triangular except for a 2x2 "complex" block on the diagonal for ad(e4).

Alg5 > 

 

We rerun this example with the option fieldextension = I

Alg5 > 

(2.11)
Alg5 > 

(2.12)
Alg5 > 

 

Example 5.

Let be a representation of a nilpotent Lie algebra  on a vector space . The representation is called a nilrepresentation if each matrix is nilpotent, that is   for some   Engel's theorem (see, for example, Fulton and Harris, page 125 or Varadarajan, page 189) asserts that if rho is a nilrepresentation, then there is a basis for V for which all the representation matrices are strictly upper triangular.

Alg5 > 

(2.13)
Alg5 > 

Alg5 > 

V5 > 

V5 > 

 

Check that Alg5 is a nilpotent algebra, that rho is a representation, and that rho is a nilrepresentation.

Alg5 > 

(2.14)
Alg5 > 

(2.15)
Alg5 > 

(2.16)
Alg5 > 

(2.17)
Alg5 > 

(2.18)

 

In this new basis the ad matrices are all nilpotent.

Alg5 > 

See Also

DifferentialGeometry

Library

LieAlgebras

Adjoint

ChangeRepresentationBasis

Query

 


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